THE G FAMILY : PART 2

2.5 G
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks. GPRS is a 2.5G technology used by GSM operators
3G
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union,[1] which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+). Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

South Korea and India

Recently , I have been checking some articles on the internet. I come across articles by " Unleash The Good Force by E.N. RAMMOHAN". Then also I checked one article on wikipedia "Miracle_on_the_Han_River". As mentioned in the RAMMOHAN article, there are two articles in our consitituion " The 5th Schedule and the 9th Schedule". The details can be checked from the article. But the basis was after independence our constitution writers tried to lay down a strong foundation regarding how land/forest will be divided/used so that the tribals living in those areas will not get affected. But somehow these two articles never come in force, which played a great role in NAXALITE uprising in the country. Compare this with S. KOREA, where after the Korean War, Syngman Rhee administration implemented an important land reform that provided for the redistribution of land, averting a potentially explosive social issue. Treat employees like family" was Park's new motto, which also led to Korea's economic success. Park Chung-hee announced the first 5-year Economic Development Plan to mobilize national resources in establishing a self-supporting industrial economy Where is support for indian companies/ small scale industries in India general park chung lee "Democracy cannot be realized without an economic revolution" Have debate on how true is this Check what happened to our 5-year plans and why our economy didn't develop. At the root of the rapid expansion of the Korean national economy were several factors, some societal and others political. One[who?] acclaimed building block of the "Miracle on the Han" was the importance placed on education Chaebol refers to corporate groups in South Korea, mainly run by families, that exercise monopolistic or oligopolistic control in product lines and industries. Every Korean chaebol business was started by a family group and 70 percent of chaebols[citation needed] are still managed by family members, and in order for the power and standing of these groups to grow stronger, many chaebols form alliances through marriage, with examples including Samsung and Hyundai. Check 1997 financial crisis

THE G FAMILY : PART 2

2.5 G
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. 2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched) and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks. GPRS is a 2.5G technology used by GSM operators
3G
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s on the uplink with HSPA+). Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.
The new services which we will get from 3g are Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing, Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc
TERMS TO GET CLEAR
NARROW BAND AND WIDE BAND
2G OPERATES IN NARROW BAND AND > 3G OPERATES IN WIDE BAND
Wireless systems can be classified according to whether they have a narrowband or wideband architecture. Narrowband systems support low-bit-rate transmission, whereas wideband systems support high-bit-rate transmission. A system is defined as narrowband or wideband depending on the bandwidth of the transmission physical channels with which it operates
The coherence bandwidth is defined as the frequency band within which all frequency components are equally affected by fading due to multipath propagation phenomena. Systems operating with channels substantially narrower than the coherence bandwidth are known as narrowband systems. Wideband systems operate with channels substantially wider than the coherence bandwidth. In narrowband systems, all the components of the signal are equally influenced by multipath propagation. Accordingly, although with different amplitudes, the received narrowband signal is essentially the same as the transmitted narrowband signal. In wideband systems, the various frequency components of the signal may be differently affected by fading.
In wireless telecommunications, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Causes of multipath include atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildings. The effects of multipath include constructive and destructive interference, and phase shifting of the signal. This causes Rayleigh fading.

THE G FAMILY : 0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G , PART 1

In this article I am going to give a brief intro of G family , i.e 0G 1G 2G 3G , how they work and later economics related with 3G auction in india.
0G
The 0G or early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers,rather than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.
These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat.
IMTS AND RCC were the technlogy which were used. In public switched network, suppose two caller wants to talk , then the operator of respective caller will secure a common line and let them talk , and till these users don't end their talk the line will remain busy.
1G
1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s.
The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.Although both systems use digital signaling to connect any two radio towers (which listen to the handsets),but to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150MHz and up.
technologies used AMPS,NMT,RTMI and TACS
2G
Started in 1991 , it has three primary benefits over their predecessors ,that phone conversations were digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards. GSM is TDMA based, therefore we generally hears only about cdma and gsm phones.Also a third technolgy is FDMA which is generally used in combination with these
0G 1G AND 2G ALL WERE CIRCUIT SWITCH NETWORKS
TERMS TO GET CLEAR
1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING AND PACKET SWITCHING
In packet switching , the users data is grouped into packets of definite sizes generally in bytes . it is these packets which have to be switched between users ,whereas in circuit a definite route or resource or path is held by users ,and these are switched. we can take a example of trains to understand it . Suppose there are three parallel tracks , in case of CS the train will run over them ,so only three users can be connected at a time , whereas in PS ,the coaches of train are considered as packets , so more users can connect at a time ,as each train has number of coaches which are reserved by users
2 CDMA TDMA FDMA
FDMA stands for frequency division multiple access , we know that mobile works within a given spectrum ,which is range of frequency ,in FDMA it is divided b/w users , like a highway is divided into lans , but here on a lan one user at a time
TDMA stands for time division multiple access , it can be best understood by considering the that on the lans described in FDMA , we are setting a time interval of users that is from morning 9 to 11 mr sharma on lan 1 , from 11 to 12 mr bhaskar on lan 1 . but as you can see even now road is not fully utilise and idle times are present in between
CDMA stands for code division multiple access , it is little bit difficult to understand as in it we have to consider that the lan sizes can change with the car being use i e code , so what hapens is that depending whether a cycle is coming or truck is coming we can change lan size , that this is also what happens on roads , but like roads the fear of losing packets or accidents increases with increase in number of users

RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005

The law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 13 October 2005 .The law gives right to the citizen of india to question any central or state body(EXCLUDING JAMMU AND KASHMIR) ,also it covers private sector ,judiciary and bureaucracy . But there are certain organisations within them ,whose information is vital for country or for that particular organisation and can't be disclosed by the law.Previous to this , the information disclosure was hitherto restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923
Freedom of Information Act
The first attempt to draft a national-level bill was done in 2000 under H D SHOURIE.But due to strong criticism of the bill, it never came into force.
STATE LEVEL LAW
Besides this law many states has their own law for right to information .In case of conflict , national law supersedes the state one .
STATES HAVING THEIR OWN LAW
Tamil Nadu (1997),Goa (1997), Rajasthan (2000), Karnataka (2000), Delhi (2001), Maharashtra (2002), Madhya Pradesh (2003), Assam (2002) and Jammu and Kashmir (2004). The Delhi RTI Act is still in force. Jammu & Kashmir, has its own Right to Information Act of 2009.
TIME LIMITS
If the request has been made to the PIO, the reply is to be given within 30 days of receipt.
If the request has been made to an APIO, the reply is to be given within 35 days of receipt.
If the PIO transfers the request to another public authority (better concerned with the information requested), the time allowed to reply is 30 days but computed from the day after it is received by the PIO of the transferee authority.
Information concerning corruption and Human Rights violations by scheduled Security agencies (those listed in the Second Schedule to the Act) is to be provided within 45 days but with the prior approval of the Central Information Commission.
However, if life or liberty of any person is involved, the PIO is expected to reply within 48 hours
Since the information is to be paid for, the reply of the PIO is necessarily limited to either denying the request (in whole or part) and/or providing a computation of "further fees". The time between the reply of the PIO and the time taken to deposit the further fees for information is excluded from the time allowed.
If information is not provided within this period, it is treated as deemed refusal. Refusal with or without reasons may be ground for appeal or complaint. Further, information not provided in the times prescribed is to be provided free of charge.
FEES AND PROCESS
Fee of Rs. 10 for filing the request, Rs. 2 per page of information and Rs. 5 for each hour of inspection after the first hour. If the applicant is a Below Poverty Card holder, then no fee shall apply. Such BPL Card holders have to provide a copy of their BPL card along with their application to the Public Authority.Under the Act, all authorities covered must appoint their Public Information Officer (PIO). A person have to submit a request to the PIO for information in writing. It is the PIO's obligation to provide information under the Act. If the request pertains to another public authority (in whole or part) it is the PIO's responsibility to transfer/forward the concerned portions of the request to a PIO of the other within 5 days. In addition, every public authority is required to designate Assistant Public Information Officers (APIOs) to receive RTI requests and appeals for forwarding to the PIOs of their public authority. The citizen making the request is not obliged to disclose any information except his name and contact particulars.

H1N1 & HIS BROTHERS

THE HORRORS
H1N1
The Spanish flu, also known as La Gripe Española, or La Pesadilla.avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. It is thought to be one of the most deadly pandemics in human history
Russian flu of 1977–1978 flu epidemic caused by strain Influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1).
On June 11, 2009, the WHO declared an H1N1 pandemic, moving the alert level to phase 6, marking the first global pandemic since the 1968
H2N2
The 1889 pandemic, known as the Russian Flu, began in Russia and spread rapidly throughout Europe. It reached North America in December 1889 and spread to Latin America and Asia in February 1890. About 1 million people died in this pandemic
The "Asian Flu" OF 1956 was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak of avian influenza that originated in China in early 1956 lasting until 1958.worldwide death estimates 1-4 million.
H3N2
The Hong Kong Flu was a category 2 flu pandemic caused by a strain of H3N2 descended from H2N2 by antigenic shift, in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide
THE NOMENCLATURE
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals. The name influenza comes from the Italian influenza, meaning "influence" (Latin: influentia)
In virus classification the influenza virus is an RNA virus of three of the five genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae:
* Influenzavirus A
* Influenzavirus B
* Influenzavirus C
Influenza viruses are classified as type A, B, or C based upon their protein composition.Types A and B have 8 RNA segments and encode 11 proteins. Subtype C has 7 RNA segments and encodes 9 proteins
Influenzavirus A several subtypes, labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 16 different H antigens (H1 to H16) and nine different N antigens (N1 to N9).
hemagglutinin is found on the surface of the influenza viruses. It is an antigenic glycoprotein. It is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected.The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together ("agglutinate")
neuraminidase is an enzyme on the surface of influenza viruses that enables the virus to be released from the host cell
The 1,2,3... classification of H and N is because they are protiens,are made of amino acids ,it is the difference between these constituents acids which make them differ.